Fall Of Man

Daughters of the Same Mother (Part 1)

Dan

It was my observation while moving through Ezekiel that Chapter 23 provides a clear view of history from God’s perspective, inserting the moral dilemma of spiritual infidelity into the course of human actions. In this passage, we find both the corporate attitude of the people and the tragic outcomes of their choices fully explored. This is a very sad chapter, and it can be quite difficult to read if you have struggled personally with these things.

During the eras of Isaiah and Ezekiel, the Hebrews divided themselves into two separate kingdoms: Israel and Judah. The ten tribes of Israel had a population of approximately 450,000, while the two tribes of Judah had a population of roughly 100,000. Throughout the text, we see vivid metaphors of spiritual infidelity—likened to prostitution—as the root cause of their transgressions, using their respective capital cities as focal points for why the residents are ultimately brought to justice. This essay explores that narrative in four parts: first, by introducing the moral dilemma of both Israel and Judah; second, the story of Israel (Samaria); third, the story of Judah (Jerusalem); and fourth, the ultimate cause of their joint destruction. Let us begin at the beginning.

Ezekiel 23:2-4 says: “Son of man, there were two women, daughters of the same mother. They became prostitutes in Egypt, engaging in prostitution from their youth. In that land, their breasts were fondled and their virgin bosoms caressed. The older [daughter] was named Oholah, and her [younger] sister was Oholibah. They were mine [my daughters] and gave birth to sons and daughters. Oholah is Samaria, and Oholibah is Jerusalem.” (NIV)

The elder sister, representing the ten tribes of Israel centered in Samaria, is called Oholah, which means “her own tent.” This name fits because they broke away and did not use the designated temple for worship. The younger sister, representing the two tribes of Judah centered in Jerusalem, is named Oholibah, meaning “my temple is in her,” because those tribes still had direct access to the temple of God.

This tragic image of a woman betraying her husband is not new to the prophetic books; we find it deeply explored in Hosea, written nearly two hundred years prior to the message of Ezekiel (see Hosea 1-3). We have also seen the historical flirting of Israel and Judah with their pagan neighbors—namely Assyria, Egypt, and Babylon. These compromising political and spiritual relationships were heavily chastised by earlier prophets (see Amos 5:18-27; Hosea 7:8-15; Isaiah 14; Jeremiah 19:7-15). The spiritual infidelity detailed in this chapter was central to each of those historical failures.

We also find this half-hearted behavior addressed later in Zechariah 7:5, which says: “Ask all the people of the land and the priests, ‘When you fasted and mourned in the fifth month and seventh months for the past seventy years, was it really for me that you fasted?’” (NIV).

The Hebrews have a long, documented history of offering mere lip service to the God of this universe. This specific cycle of spiritual infidelity dates all the way back to the wilderness, when the spies returned from Canaan with a faithless, negative report about the Promised Land. We read in Numbers 14:1 that the people cried out in dismay and wept aloud all night long. The Hebrews became intensely resistant and afraid.

Responding to their spiritual infidelity, Elohim replied: “How long is this going to go on, all this grumbling against me by this evil-infested community? I’ve had my fill of complaints from these grumbling Israelites. Tell them, As I live—God’s decree—here’s what I’m going to do: Your corpses are going to litter the wilderness—every one of you twenty years and older… this whole generation of grumblers and grousers. Not one of you will enter the land and make your home there, the firmly and solemnly promised land, except for Caleb son of Jephunneh and Joshua son of Nun.” (Numbers 14:26-30, MSG)

As you may recall, after the death of King Solomon, the nation formally split into two kingdoms with two separate capitals: Samaria and Jerusalem. The stubborn obstinacy of the Hebrews had been in place for as long as they had been engaged in worshiping the one true living God. To help us understand the deep, cutting effect of sin, Elohim forces us to see the absolute worst of ourselves. It is a message that is incredibly hard to accept. Here, spiritual infidelity is presented in the basest, most shocking terms possible simply to capture our wandering attention. The focus of the message zeroes in on these two women, who are clearly identified by God as surrogates for Israel and Judah—the daughters of one mother.

When they were still united as one nation, their initial spiritual infidelity was committed with Egypt. Once they split into two separate kingdoms, they spread their affections to many surrounding pagan nations. Make no mistake, spiritual infidelity is the most grievous of all our human troubles. It actively wars against our soul, pulls us into thick darkness, infatuates our natural weaknesses, and twists our thoughts until we think good is harsh and bad is just right. It renders us odious in the sight of a holy God. This poison always starts in the hidden spiritual realm, and then inevitably migrates into our physical reality.

This is a profoundly difficult subject. The historical troubles of Israel and Judah were extreme, proving that spiritual infidelity is no small thing. Rejecting a God who is so fiercely willing to forgive and restore is difficult to comprehend. Yet, we still see that same rejection playing out all around us every single day. Elohim’s mercy is a wondrous thing. May we all choose to stay in His safe, holy place.

I choose Jesus.

Those who Escape will Remember Me

Dan

It was my observation that Israel had been the Jewel in God’s eye, but Ezekiel (chapter 6) declares they were polluted in their thinking and their actions. Their worship of the most high had become wallowing in the mud of idolatry. For reasons that seemed foolish they had rejected the realness and beauty of the one true living God for wooden and stone models of a god ‘made up’ by humans.

You might think the Hebrew nation is going to crash and burn. A sad ending indeed. But this is not the ending. God’s grace will prevail. There will be a remnant. A few will remain faithful, they will suffer along with the rest of the Hebrews, but they will not perish. Their hearts will not be extinguished. God will shelter them from the deepest troubles. They will pass through the fire unblemished.

Ezekiel 6:8-10 says — But I will spare some, for some of you will escape the sword when you are scattered among the lands and nations. Then in the nations where they have been carried captive, those who escape will remember me—how I have been grieved by their adulterous hearts, which have turned away from me, and by their eyes, which have lusted after their idols. They will loathe themselves for the evil they have done and for all their detestable practices. And they will know that I am the Lord; I did not threaten in vain to bring this calamity on them [NIV].

If you take a look at Isaiah 1:9 we see the same theme. The entire group deserves to be cut off, but by grace, God maintains a remnant. Some will die by the sword but some will escape. None of the people marked to fall by the sword escaped, they put their trust in the walls of the city rather than the God of the city. Their shame of trusting wood, mud and stone was their fall.  Those who trusted God, were spared and their seed became the new inhabitants of the City of God.

God’s patience left them room for repentance and for receiving forgiveness. Those who repented, escaped death, he gave them life for their repentance. This story is an encouragement to us that repentance matters. We mess up, we repent, we find forgiveness and restoration. We find a path to weather the storm and find the eye of the hurricane. It is clear this remnant was marked for salvation. God, in his foreknowledge knew who was trusting the walls of the city and who was trusting God. They were made safe by God’s mercy through their repentance.

Please understand, they did suffer, they were carried off as captives, but this was better than death. They were driven out of the promised land but not out of God’s hand. We need to learn from this small patch of history. True repentance shall be accepted by the one true living God. In this light, our troubles are permitted by God who uses the troubles to bring us back to him. Our troubles reinforce the need to repent and demonstrate the depth of his grace and mercy. We make a mess, he cleans it up, but we are wise to never think that repenting is a ‘get out of jail’ card. Sometimes we are simply placed in the eye of the hurricane while the storm rages on. We walk through the valley of death, our God is with us, even there in our deepest troubles. We rest in his peace.

Sin starts when we lose sight of God (implied Jeremiah 3:21). Repentance starts when we restore our gaze upon him. His mercy brings himself to our mind. We respond. Grace finds us in our deepest mess, he brings us hope, he brings us mercy, he brings us out. We resist, he persists. We take the role of the prodigal, we head home, and he runs out to meet us. My friends, make no mistake. God will cause us to know we are in deep trouble, that he is Lord of all, and then provide the opportunity (our choice) for repentance (and a safe haven) or complete chaos. What do you pray for? A safe haven. Let God manage the problems. Find his peace. Move towards his peace. This leads to life. I choose Jesus.

The Day You were Born as a Nation

Dan

It was my observation in Ezekiel 16 that God was feeling sorrow for the impending destruction of Jerusalem. A parent knows what must be done to help a child even if the punishment is painful, so does Adonai. Previously (in chapter 15) Ezekiel compared Jerusalem to a vine that bears no fruit. Now we look back when God first spoke to Abraham about becoming a father of many nations. God compares the Hebrews to a loose woman who needs to be held accountable for her actions. Part of the accountability is to be sure they understood why the judgements were happening and to remove any and all mitigation they might offer to repel the judgements as unfair. Let us begin.

Ezekiel 16: 1-14 says — Son of man, confront Jerusalem with her detestable practices and say, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says to Jerusalem: Your ancestry and birth were in the land of the Canaanites; your father was an Amorite and your mother a Hittite. On the day you were born your cord was not cut, nor were you washed with water to make you clean, nor were you rubbed with salt or wrapped in clothes. No one looked at you with pity or had compassion enough to do any of these things for you. Rather, you were thrown out into the open field, for on the day you were born you were despised. I bathed you with water and washed the blood from you and put ointments on you. … You became very beautiful and rose to be a queen. And your fame spread among nations on account of your beauty, because the splendor I had given you made your beauty perfect, declares the Sovereign Lord. [NIV]

I think Ezekiel was already in Babylon when this message came to him. It feels more like a conversation over coffee between two friends rather than a message. By this time, Jeremiah was also present in Babylon. The two of them were both working for God, getting the message out. They told the Hebrews to stay calm in the exile, they often focused on the remnant, bringing hope for the future. On the other hand, their message for the rebel Hebrews still in Jerusalem and struggling in captivity was simple. They spoke to bring conviction and humiliation that led the rebels to repentance. This message seems to be a message of morning from God for the failures of his poster child nation.

In this scene, we see Abraham as an outcast child born in obscurity. Abraham was the beginning of the Hebrews, he was the beginning of Jerusalem. The mother of Abraham is not clear, the Talmud suggests her name is Amathlai, she is not named in scripture (see Genesis 20:12). His father was Terah (the ninth descendant from Noah), they were strangers and sojourners drifting across the desert with no possessions, strength, power, not even a place to call their own. As I understand things, in the early days, Terah, Abraham, Sarah and Lot headed together from Ur (a city near the Persian Gulf) to Canaan (modern day Israel), but stopped in Haran (a city in Turkey, close to the modern-day border of Syria). Terah remained in Haran but the others continued to a land that God would show them. God promised to make Abraham a great nation and bless his family (see Genesis 12-25).

In the early years Abraham wanders about as a tenant in Canaan. He could have asserted himself but did not at first. Yet God blessed them and nurtured their life as the gradually abandoned their old heritage and started earnestly worshiping the one true living God. This rag tag band of followers was the beginning of the proud nation. And now, as Ezekiel finishes his coffee shop reminiscent with God, he gets back to his work and starts hammering the Hebrews for their persistent idolatry and rebellion.

We are wise to note the mercy of God documented by Ezekiel. He is quick to forgive our transgressions. He longs for success in our life. When we accept his yoke, he builds protection around us. But if we stray, we are held accountable. He is no pushover. The buck stops with him, it stops at his throne. There is no appeal to his judgements. We know he is fair. We are wise to yield. He declares there is only one way, one truth and one life to choose if we want to see the Father (see John 14:6). I choose Jesus.

I have set my Face Against Them (Part 2)

Dan

It has been my observation that God’s tears flow in the book of Ezekiel. In the 15th chapter, we find a woeful message for those who teach and lead others. When we fail to abide by the guidelines, we lose track of our role, or we drift from the truth to what is expedient, then we are setting the stage for trouble (see Mark 9:42-50, I am a poster child for this issue, yet God’s mercy prevailed after I repented).

The Hebrews were famous in the middle east for treating others justly, exuding mercy, and walking humbly. And then, they didn’t. They lost their way, they lost their collective walk with God, they lost interest in serving the one true living God. They turned to the habits of their neighbors trying to fit in and look relevant amongst the progressive leaders of the surrounding nations (see Mark 9:38-41).

Ezekiel 15: 6-8 says — This is what the Sovereign Lord says: As I have given the wood of the vine among the trees of the forest as fuel for the fire, so will I treat the people living in Jerusalem. I will set my face against them. Although they have come out of the fire, the fire will yet consume them. And when I set my face against them, you will know that I am the Lord. I will make the land desolate because they have been unfaithful, declares the Sovereign Lord [NIV].

When proper worship of the one true living God was in vogue, God blessed the Hebrews for their attentiveness. God had built a fence around the community; he kept predators out. But now we see a transition, the Hebrews were abandoning their faith. Thus, we see the hedge removed (see Isaiah 5:5-7). At this point, we are given a front row seat to view the Hebrew problem through God’s eyes.

The Hebrews were presented in this segment of scripture as a vine branch, one that was defective, thus it was proper for God to set his face against them as the Hebrews had set their face against God. The first conquest of Judah occurred about 605BC; Daniel was transported to Babylon. In 597BC Nebuchadnezzar II invaded and captured Jerusalem. He deposed Jehoiachin and transported much of the population (including Ezekiel) to Babylon. Then there were multiple encounters between the Egyptians and the Babylonians in the general proximity of Jerusalem for the next 18 years.

In 587BC Zedekiah started to resist Babylon, Jerusalem was attacked, this time the temple was destroyed. More people were taken to Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar II was in full control of Jerusalem by 572BC. Control of Babylon passed through several Babylonian rulers and then in 539BC Cyrus the Meade took Babylon for himself and returned the Jews to Jerusalem. Upon their return, the foundation of the temple was laid, but work stalled. Ezra returned to Jerusalem and the walls of the city were started.

The temple was completed by 515BC but the Ark of the Covenant was not present. The room was empty.

Does this matter? Yes, it matters. The Ark was the sign of God’s presence. We read in Exodus — I will meet with you, and from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim that are on the ark of the covenant, I will deliver to you all my commands for the Israelites (Exodus 25:22). Effectively, from the time Ezekiel documented the departure of God from the temple (see Ezekiel 10) to the time the holy Spirit arrived in the Church (Acts 2) the Hebrews were drifting. The Hebrew remnant did have God nearby for the duration (see Ezekiel 11:16-25). But the formal presence of God within the Hebrew nation was over. The Hebrews said they would not do what God asked (Ezekiel 5:5-6) and God put his foot down (John 15:6, Ezekiel 5:14-17). Considering the outcome, I doubt the rebellious Hebrews fully understood the implications of their actions. Fortunately, God’s mercy prevailed and we were given a new covenant. I choose Jesus.

I have set my Face Against Them (Part 1)

Dan

It has been my observation that Ezekiel has been called, over and over again to warn the Hebrews of the impending disaster that is coming. I think that Ezekiel is grieving over the turmoil and his inability to capture the attention of his countrymen. Furthermore, his grieving reflects God’s empathy as he moves forward to the required completion of the plan (the expulsion of his children to the hands of others).

For anyone who thinks the death of Jesus was hard stuff for the Father, you are wise to be careful and peek under the hood of Ezekiel’s messages to see the emotions and feelings of God over losing his child – Israel. I know on the larger scale there is no comparison, but this event (the exile thingy) certainly was a prelude to the main event (the death of Jesus). The cause was the same. The impact was the same.

God tried to get their attention. He used visions, he used theatrics, he used direct messaging.

We, his people, understood, we simply refused to accept the message. We were happy to accept the delusion from Lucifer. How full of himself Lucifer must have been as he watched the City of God, the lamp on the hill, the candle of light, flicker and fade. But God prevailed, his victory was documented in the last few chapters of Ezekiel. Simply stated, God raises his hand and hammers Lucifer. The hammer of Thor is child’s play compared to God’s hand.  God’s city emerges and his people inhabit the city.

Ezekiel 15: 1-5 says — The word of the Lord came to me: Son of man, how is the wood of a vine different from that of a branch from any of the trees in the forest? Is wood ever taken from it to make anything useful? Do they make pegs from it to hang things on? And after it is thrown on the fire as fuel and the fire burns both ends and chars the middle, is it then useful for anything? If it was not useful for anything when it was whole, how much less can it be made into something useful when the fire has burned it and it is charred? [NIV]

Huh. What now? Ezekiel had his mind on the trouble that was descending upon Jerusalem, his city the noble structure it was, the city of God was in dire straits. God describes the city in terms of a vine. In Ezekiel’s day the vineyard was a desirable business and the vine that is fruitful was a star in the vineyard (see Judges 9:12-13 and Psalms 104:15). When Jerusalem was on task, the fruit was amazing; the city of God was a visible demonstration of the impact of blessings from God (see Psalms 80:8-15).

But, if the vine is not fruitful, it is taking up space in the vineyard (see Hosea 10:1-4). Wasted space. But God says — the wood can still be of use. He demonstrates. He gives the vine branches over to common slave labor. He says — Let us use nonproductive vines for firewood. Goodness, if the vine has no interest in producing fruit, God will still use it anyways. But the impact of the service will be more draconian.

In Hebrew culture, the vine, a highly valuable economic tool, should never be used as mere firewood. Yet, all through the Old Testament we see references that discuss making idols from firewood (see Isaiah 44:14-20). Now we see the Hebrews being called firewood. Don’t let this get by you. Make no mistake about God’s intent. El Shaddai loves every man-jack reading this essay. But Adonai calls us to repent. Elohim’s palm is opened to us, mercy at his fingertips. Jehovah-Jireh reaches out to us and makes the path home possible.

Read this slowly. He has a plan. He has things for us to do. But our resistance to the plan will have dire consequences. It will cripple our life. Resistance will cripple our relationships. Resistance is futile. The consequences will transfer our penchant for resistance to our children. They imitate us. Hanging out in the fireplace as defiant forced labor, is no place to be. I choose Jesus.

Soothsayers and Star Gazers.

Dan

It has been my observation that God has little respect for the soothsayers and star readers. He called Cyrus to pull God’s people out of Babylon and allow them to return to their homeland after 70 years of isolation and captivity in Babylon. I think there were two different things happening at the same time. First God was using Cyrus (in his heathen state) for a mission, and I think God was trying to get his attention. The message in Isaiah 47 seems to address problems in Babylon, but in a broader sense to problems with those who tried ridiculously hard to make their own version of God.

This message is partially for Cyrus, to bring him out of the sin of his legacy, to walk away from the idolatry of his ancestors, which included sorcery, star gazing, and worship of wood, metal, and stone images. Often, when people conquered a culture, they tried to act benevolent; this caused them to integrate their culture with the conquered culture. Additionally, they would often get a ‘big head’ and add a new god into the mix – themselves. I think the one true living God was trying to help Cyrus, when he when he settled into Babylon, he becomes rich and more powerful than ever. Yet he must remember that still he is but a man, and there is no God but one. Babylon fell because of Elohim, not because of Cyrus. If God wanted the Hebrews to stay in Babylon, Cyrus would have not been successful.

Isaiah 47:10-15 says You have trusted in your wickedness and have said, ‘No one sees me. Your wisdom and knowledge mislead you when you say to yourself, ‘I am, and there is none besides me. Disaster will come upon you, and you will not know how to conjure it away. A calamity will fall upon you that you cannot ward off with a ransom; a catastrophe you cannot foresee will suddenly come upon you. Keep on, then, with your magic spells and with your many sorceries, which you have labored at since childhood. Perhaps you will succeed, perhaps you will cause terror. All the counsel you have received has only worn you out! Let your astrologers come forward, those stargazers who make predictions month by month, let them save you from what is coming upon you. Surely, they are like stubble; the fire will burn them up. They cannot even save themselves from the power of the flame. These are not coals for warmth; this is not a fire to sit by. That is all they are to you—these you have dealt with and labored with since childhood. All of them go on in their error; there is not one that can save you. [NIV]

I am not surprised to hear that the pagan rites had similar language about their puffed-up belief of self-deity. The message from the rebellious human is clear, I (the human) am, there is none (no other God) besides me. The human vainly declares – I am god! Are we astonished? Not really. The message has not changed for three centuries. Lucifer is on the job. From his viewpoint, if it is not broken, do not change it. We are told all the time by the mystics of today – look inside yourself, find the God that you are.

I have learned in my lifetime the stuff we pursue, the objects we place in our house (big boy toys) do not bring real comfort. The objects cannot feel the sound of my laugh or feel my gleeful giggle from the pleasure the objects provide. There is nothing. No response, no empathy, no power. Nothing. The tools of soothsayers and star gazers offer nothing that a 6-year-old cannot easily refute.

I have learned to appreciate why our glorious God formed the light we use every day, all day to see things. It is merely a precursor to the spiritual light that men feel enveloped around the throne. There is nothing like this in the universe. Spiritual light originates from the presence and person of God – injected into our heart. This light flows into our minds through the Holy Spirit who enlightens, teaches, and leads us to do the right thing (implied in John 14:26, John 16:13.) Selah.

I choose Jesus.

Reaching the Ends of the Earth.

Dan

It was my observation while digging into Cyrus, Babylon, and the clay potters that make idols that I encountered an unexpected maxim; Woe unto him that strives with his Maker (Isaiah 45:9). God is the Maker of all things; we are wise to avoid becoming contentious with him and never stand against him.

Let us not align ourselves accidently with the sly oppressors who plot designs against God concerning the deliverance of his people (Nehemiah 4:8), nor think to detain them any longer when the time shall come for their release. Woe to the insulting and designing Babylonians that set God at defiance, as Pharaoh did, and will not let his people go! (Ezra 4:5).

While studying these passages, I found myself considering an uncomfortable question. We readily recognize nations, kings, and empires that contend with God, but do we recognize the same tendency within ourselves? The desire to argue with our circumstances, resist correction, or harden our hearts against the Potter is not limited to Babylon. It is a condition common to mankind. Sometimes this striving is found among the powerful; other times it is found among the broken.

As I drive the streets of Tucson, I can see the homeless and the poor in their oppression, in the dejection of their spirits, some are murmuring and quarreling with themselves, family, government, or God. I do not have an answer to homelessness, but I can see the despair, and passionately believe Jesus is the answer. At Pantano, many of us are familiar with the work being accomplished through the Gospel Rescue Mission, the Prison, and other ministries serving those in distress. I think that the Gospel Rescue Mission (GRM) can help with mental health, addictions, or despair. The GRM can help them get back on their feet and find a job, Goodwill can help improve their job skills, and for many, provide employment at their facilities. Furthermore, I think that Habitat for Humanity can provide them with a home and in a few cases employment, but at the same time I know this plan is too simplistic and unsatisfactory because the agencies are at best a loosely connected support system. They are aware of each other but do not always accomplish smooth transitions of the disenfranchised from organization to organization (if at all).

The disenfranchised need a strong integrated community. They need a place and a group of people who integrate all the services into a tapestry of seamless support. They need a place to meet friends and long-term mentors to help them stay on course. Who provides community? In my view, only the Church can deliver this type of community. We can be part of the solution. We need to be part of the solution.

Jeremiah 18:1-10 says — This is the word that came to Jeremiah from the Lord: go down to the potter’s house and there I will give you, my message. So, I went down to the potter’s house, and I saw him working at the wheel. But the pot he was shaping from the clay was marred in his hands; so, the potter formed it into another pot, shaping it as seemed best to him. Then the word of the Lord came to me. He said, Can I not do with you, Israel, as this potter does?” declares the Lord. Like clay in the hand of the potter, so are you in my hand, Israel. If at any time I announce that a nation or kingdom is to be uprooted, torn down, and destroyed, and if that nation I warned repents of its evil, then I will relent and not inflict on it the disaster I had planned. And if at another time I announce that a nation or kingdom is to be built up and planted, and if it does evil in my sight and does not obey me, then I will reconsider the good I had intended to do for it [NIV].

One thing I know – if the homeless strive with their Maker, then they will have difficulty egressing from the woeful condition they have entered. Striving with Elohim makes recovery harder regardless of how a person arrived in trouble. Our resistance often prevents us from seeing His hand reaching out to help us. A humbled heart is frequently the first step toward becoming responsive to Elohim’s grace. How will they know these things if no one is willing to engage and try to be helpful?

At best we are contentious people, quarrelsome brutes; yet, many of us can and do calm down. The despairing homeless, they are broken potsherds, and their troubles are magnified by their discord and friction; only God can repair them. Our job? We should encourage them to lay down the sword; but if they persist in rancor, try to show kindness and gently caution them to never contend with Him who is infinitely wiser and more powerful than anything they will ever encounter.

So then, what do you say to the ones that earnestly long for change, quietly seeking their redemption from trouble and from despair. Two words — Grace abounds. I think the precepts of scripture are very clear – God is in control, he will help. He comes and He shepherds the flock. God is our strength. He can and will move in our life and their life. Then we live securely, confident of his majesty, and of his protection. His greatness reaches every corner, hidden street, culvert, everywhere. He will reach the ends of the earth to redeem anyone who calls his name (implied in Micah 5:4). Our job? Just try to be helpful.

I choose Jesus.